Introduction
One of the most important factors in treating on-the-job injuries
are those initial steps taken in treating an injury before
any further care is necessary. The following information will
assist you in determining what needs to be done in the initial
stages of an on-the-job injury. It includes relatively simple
measures that can be taken before the injured person is attended
to by a professional. Of course, not all injuries can or should
be handled on the job site. It is important to note that all
employers should have a plan to deal with a medical emergency.
First
aid tips
Cuts - With cuts, the first thing to do is to stop
any bleeding. All you need to do is to apply pressure. You
can do this by holding your hands or fingertips against the
cut until the bleeding stops. Next, you need to clean out
the wound. What you're trying to do is irrigate the wound.
By doing this, you're doing more than killing bacteria, you're
cleaning all the dirt and grit out of the wound. A good stream
of water and soap will be adequate. There are many antibiotic
ointments and antiseptics on the market. Antiseptics are useful
in further cleaning the wound and preventing infection. If
these are not available, ethyl alcohol or isopropyl (rubbing)
alcohol will do.
Hydrogen peroxide is the most widely used antiseptic. However,
it is effective only when it comes into contact with blood
and tissue fluids; the fizzing effect is what cleans and acts
to prevent infection. Allow the peroxide to dry before applying
a bandage. The type of bandage used depends on the type of
cut. A plain adhesive bandage will do the trick. Do not touch
the part of the bandage that covers the cut. Keep in mind
that the purpose of the bandage is to protect a wound, not
seal it. A loose covering allows air to reach the wound, which
promotes healing.
Deep cuts - For deep cuts that may require stitches,
a butterfly bandage can temporarily bring the skin back together.
After cleaning the wound, thoroughly dry the skin surface
before applying a butterfly bandage. Pull the skin tightly
together, apply one butterfly wing, pull the bandage tight,
and secure the other wing to the skin. You can protect the
cut by putting a gauze pad over it or by wrapping gauze over
the injury before going to the emergency room.
Punctures - A key danger of a puncture wound is deep
tissue damage. This is why the wound should be irrigated thoroughly.
Small punctures caused by relatively sharp and clean instruments
(not dirty or rusted) can be fairly easily treated. However,
anything like a nail wound should be treated by a doctor or
nurse because of the possibility of deep tissue damage.
Blisters - Treatment depends mainly on the size, location,
and whether it has burst. A common rule is don't burst it
if it is smaller than a nickel - that opens the skin to infection.
Cover small blisters with a bandage. The liquid will reabsorb
on it's own. If the blistered skin breaks anyway, clear the
area carefully, remove the dead skin and cover the area with
antibiotic spray or ointment. A large blister will usually
burst on its own, so to minimize the chance of infection,
it's considered best to use a sterile sharp instrument (a
needle or knife) to burst it. The dead skin can be removed
and the area covered with antibiotic ointment and a bandage.
Burns - Another area where new information has prompted
changes in first aid treatment is burns. In the past, we were
told to put water on first- and second-degree burns but not
on third-degree burns where the skin is charred. Now, with
heat burns, water is recommended for all degrees - from minor
to severe - in order to stop the burning process. However,
water should not be applied to electrical burns. Nor is ice
recommended for burns - just cold water. Once the pain has
subsided, a dry dressing should be placed over the burn. Ointment
should not be placed on severe burns but may be used on minor
burns.
When
to seek help
Though many cuts can be treated at home or on the job, some
may require a visit to a doctor or local emergency room. Emergency
treatment or a physician's care should be sought in the following
circumstances: when there is loss of function - for example,
when one can't extend or bend the body part which is injured;
when the bleeding from the cut area does not stop; when the
cut is completely through the skin so you can see into it
- for example, when you can see muscle, fat, or tendons, you
know the skin is completely cut.
Training
programs
First Aid Safety - manual
American Red Cross - First Aid Techniques and Safety Training
in the Workplace.
National Safety Council (NSC) - First Aid and CPR for General
Training. A 96-page color text providing the basics of
first aid and CPR. Product #19505-0000.
NSC - First Aid and CPR for Professional Training.
Full-color text providing information on advanced first aid
and CPR training. Product #19506-0000.
NSC- First Aid Only! Product #19502-0000.
American Heart Association. First Aid and CPR Training
Course for Work and Home.
Related
articles and information
The American Red Cross Ask for information on their new Check,
Care, Call system.
Purdy, Candy. "What's new in first aid?" Current Health 2. Oct.
1994.
Munson, Marty. "Minimal care is best." Prevention. Sept. 1995,
Vol. 47.
Purdy, Candy. "Electrical burns - a charge you'll want to avoid."
Current Health 2. Nov. 1993, vol. 20.
Uzzle, Burke. "Bandage wrap-up." Prevention. June 1994.
Disclaimer and Reproduction Information: Information in NASD does not represent NIOSH policy. Information included in NASD appears by permission of the author and/or copyright holder. More