An Analysis of Agricultural Accidents in Florida -- 1992

INTRODUCTION

The agricultural work force in the United States totals 3.2 million, which equates to 2.7 percent of our total work force. However, there are 1,300 deaths and 120,000 disabling injuries annually, or 12.5 percent of all workplace deaths and 7.1 percent of all disabling injuries. Both of these rates -- in deaths and disabling injuries -- exceed the rates of the construction and transportation industries, and only mining has a higher death rate. Unfortunately, agriculture is one of the more hazardous occupations in the United States.

Florida contributes to this problem. Over the seven past years there have been over 140 confirmed deaths due to work-related agricultural accidents, an average of twenty per year. During this seven-year period there has been an average of 3,340 serious injuries per year. (A serious injury is one in which the injured person misses a week or more of work.)

This report analyzes the work-related deaths and injuries in Florida agriculture during 1992. The data for this analysis are from the Division of Workers' Compensation, supplemented by newspaper clippings and from dialogue with county extension personnel.

The fatality data are for all known agricultural-related deaths. The information on serious injuries is incomplete, since injuries reported only to the Division of Workers' Compensation are included. Many small family farm operations are not required to provide workers' compensation insurance; therefore, these injuries go unreported. It is estimated that 25 percent of all serious agricultural injuries go unreported.

FATALITIES

Table 1. Types of accidents resulting in agricultural-related fatalities in Florida in 1992 Type of Accident	Number of Fatalities
Tractor-Machinery	13
Motor Vehicle	5*
Logging - Tree Service	3
Aircraft	2
Shooting	1
Burns	1
Natural Causes or Unknown	10
Totals	35
* While four of these motor vehicle accidents were work-related, they are not considered to be agricultural accidents; rather, they are classified as accidents.

A total of 35 individuals were identified who were killed in some type of agricultural accident or who died as a result of natural causes during hours while employed in an agricultural occupation. Only one fatality was to an individual not employed or directly involved in agriculture. This was a female passenger who was killed when the pick-up truck in which she was riding ran into a feed wagon being towed by a tractor on a public road.

Ten of the fatalities were listed as natural causes or unknown when the original notice of injury, the source of most fatality data, was completed. Subsequent investigation may conclude that some of these fatalities might have had a work-related cause. If these ten fatalities are not determined to be work-related and the five motor vehicle fatalities are considered (counted) as traffic fatalities, there were twenty fatalities which were agricultural work-related fatalities in Florida during 992.

Thirteen of these fatalities were tractor-machinery accidents. Five were from tractor-equipment overturns, five were runover type accidents and three were crushed between a moving and fixed object.

The three fatalities in tree service or logging operations were one crushed by a falling log, the second by a falling tree and the third fell from a tree. The remaining four included two aircraft crashes, one died of burns and the other was shot by a co-worker.

Table 1 summarizes the agricultural, work and non-work fatalities during 1992 in Florida. Table 2 provides some information on each of these fatal accidents.

Table 2. Agricultural Fatalities in Florida -- 1992
County (Date)	Employer	Employee	Cause
Taylor (01-10-92)	T & M Logging - Perry	Fred Weaver	Crushed -- log rolled off truck
Hendry (01-11-92)	D & K Harvesting - La Belle	Jean Monpremier	Motor vehicle public road
Polk (01-11-92)	Maxime Air, Inc. - Frostproof	Harry McCollum	Airplane crash
Palm Beach (02-20-92)	Talisman Sugar Corp. - South Bay	Unknown	Cane truck overturn public road
Martin (03-04-92)	Waldrep & Legg Dairy - Indiantown	James Smith	Natural causes
Pasco (04-27-92)	P & H Dairy - Zephyrhills	Deborah Neal non-employee	Truck hit tractor & feed wagon -- public road
Suwannee (05-01-92)	Jym Seago Logging - Madison	Willie Morgan	Natural causes
Hernando (05-06-92)	Orange Kare, Inc. - Brooksville	David Gonzalez	Thrown from tractor, hit a tree
Sarasota (05-28-92)	Cadys Grove Service - Sarasota	Jessie Stanley	Motor vehicle public road
Escambia (06-09-92)	Carl Peterson - Byrnesville	Bruce McCurdy	Tractor overturn road embankment
DeSota (06-16-92)	Arthur L. Smith - Nocatee	Arthur L. Smith Self-employed	Tractor passenger knocked off, runover
Polk (06-17-92)	Dan Weatherford - Lakeland	Dan Weatherford Self-employed	Jump-starting tractor, runover
Lake (06-24-92)	Golden Gem Grovers - Umatilla	James Simmon	Between tractor & mower -- runover
Hendry (06-26-92)	ABC Farms, Inc. - Immokalee	Alonzo Curry Manager	Helicopter crash
Dade (07-01-92)	Bruce Group Enterprises - Goalds	Orlando Williams	Natural causes
Dade (07-15-92)	J & V Farms - Miami	Apello Baldolado	Natural causes
Hillsborough (07-15-92)	Apopka Tree Service - Apopka	Victor Broome	Citrus topper overturned
Hillsborough (08-14-92)	Tampa Farm Service - Tampa	Raymond Barton	Crushed between tractor & dumpster
Santa Rosa (08-27-92)	Alabama Logging - Co.	Henry Bush	Crushed by falling tree
Dade (08-31-92)	Jackies Parnel Sod Co. - Miami	Jacqueline Koger co-owner	Motor vehicle
Polk (09-01-92)	Etoile Altman Groves - Ft. Meade	L.D. Moreland	Tractor overturn Natural causes?
Polk (09-02-92)	Davey Tree Expert Co. - Winter Park	Damlton Rush	Fell from tree
St. Lucie (09-09-92)	Phillip Hoeffner - Ft. Pierce	Phillip Hoeffner Self-employed	Tractor overturn canal bank
Manatee (10-08-92)	Whisenate Farms - Parrish	Jose Aquilar	Natural causes choked on food
St. Lucie (10-27-92)	Stewart Harvesting - Ft. Pierce	Willie Mitchell	Natural causes
Palm Beach (11-05-92)	Osceola Farms - Pahokee	Llewelyn Lemonious	Crushed by overturned cane wagon
Palm Beach (11-18-92)	U.S. Sugar Corp. - Clewiston	Charles Marshall	Tractor overturn canal bank
Palm Beach (11-25-92)	New Hope South, Inc. - South Bay	Mackie West	Crushed by equipment on lowboy
Broward (11-25-92)	B & S Tree Service - Davie	Richard Bena Owner	Natural causes
Orange (11-30-92)	Roper Grove Coop. - Winter Garden	Bobbie Davis	Natural causes banking trees
St. Lucie (12-02-92)	Southeastern Agricultural Service - Ft. Pierce	Robert Cade	Shot by co-worker
Palm Beach (12-07-92)	Talisman Sugar Corp. - South Bay	Lamar Phillips	Tractor overturn canal bank
Collier (12-08-92)	Redi-Plants - Naples	Ralph Brown	Natural causes
Hendry (12-28-92)	U.S. Sugar Corp. - Clewiston	Jorge Hernandez	Burns
Hendry (12-29-92)	D & K Harvesting - La Belle	James Gilbert	Natural causes

SERIOUS INJURIES

The Division of Workers' Compensation collects data on all serious injuries incurred by employees provided with workers' compensation insurance. In 1992, they reported 2,393 such injuries to agricultural workers. While this number is unacceptable by most standards, it is the lowest total in ten years. Serious injuries are those which cause an employee to miss a week or more of work.

Landscape and Horticultural Services, primarily those employed in lawn and garden maintenance, continue to "lead the industry" in the number of serious injuries. They accounted for 610 of these injuries in 1992, over 25 percent of all the reported serious injuries in agriculture.

This occupational area was followed by Crop Services, those employees primarily involved in crop harvesting. This area reported 407 serious injuries, 17 percent of the total.

These two areas were followed by Fruit, Berry, Grape and Nut Production -- in Florida this is primarily citrus production; and Livestock Production -- primarily beef production. These four areas; Landscape and Horticultural Services, Crop Services, Fruit Production and Livestock Production accounted for 1,684 or over 70 percent of the serious work related injuries in Florida agriculture during 1992. Table 3 provides information on these and other serious injuries by type of agricultural business.

Table 3. Number of Serious Agricultural Injuries by Type of Agricultural Business -- 1992
Type of Business	Number Serious Injuries	Percent of Total
Landscape and Horticultural Services: -Primarily lawn & garden maintenance	610	25.5
Crop Services: -Primarily crop harvesting	407	17.0
Fruit Production: -Primarily citrus production -Includes berry, grape and nuts	373	15.6
Livestock Production: -Primarily beef and hogs -Excludes dairy and poultry	294	12.3
Horticultural Production: -Primarily ornamental nursery products	205	8.6
General Crop Production: -Includes cash grains, cotton, tobacco, sugar cane and potatoes	152	6.4
Vegetable and Melon Production:	93	3.9
Horse Farms -Production, training	82	3.4
Animal Services: -Including veterinary services	72	3.0
Dairy Farms: -Milk production, young stock	57	2.4
Timber Production and Services: -Nursery and pulpwood only	19	0.8
Poultry Production: -Broilers and eggs	18	0.8
Fishing and Fish Hatcheries	11	0.5
TOTALS	2,393	100.2*
* Variation due to rounding off of numbers

Table 4. Percent of Serious Injuries by Age - 1992 Age	Percent
Under 20	5.0
20-24	18.0
25-29	17.5
30-34	13.5
35-39	12.0
40-45	10.5
45-49	10.0
50-54	7.0
55-59	5.0
60 or over	1.5

Forty percent of all serious injuries occur to employees under the age of thirty (see Table 4). This would indicate that more effective safety training and supervision is needed for younger employees. After age thirty there is a steady decline in the percent of serious injuries to the level of only 1.5 percent of all serious injuries occurring to employees 60 years of age or older.

These figures may also account for the high number of injuries in Horticultural Services and Crop Services; two occupational areas with a large percent of younger employees.

In previous years the male to female ratio was provided. It is estimated that there were four males injured for each female. The Division of Workers' Compensation did not provide information by sex for 1992.

If you have an object or perform a task at a work-site, it is capable of causing injury. As Table 5 indicates, thirty percent of all serious injuries are due to improper or excessive bodily motion or working surfaces. Bodily motion injuries are generally associated with lifting, pulling, pushing activities; working surfaces with slips, trips and falls.

Containers of all types are the only other agent of injury associated with more than five percent of all serious injuries. The twenty-five percent for miscellaneous or unknown agents is to be expected since the notice of injury form, from which this data is collected, does not specifically ask for the agent of injury.

Anyone who is truly concerned about controlling serious injuries must solve the problem of sprains and strains and slips, trips and falls. These types of accidents account for 58 percent of all serious injuries.

We need to consider any and all available means and methods to prevent heavy and repeated lifting, pushing, pulling and reaching -- those bodily motions which lead to sprains and strains. We need to study our working surfaces -- outdoors, indoors, on ladders, platforms, trucks, machines, etc. -- which lead to slips, trips and falls. These are the accidents which often result in sprains, strains, bruises, lacerations and fractures. We need to solve these problems.

The Notice of Injury Report, on which this analysis is based, does not adequately address the nature of most injuries. It may just say "The employee fell and injured his back." Therefore, many of the injuries are recorded as "All other or unknown" It would probably be a safe judgment to distribute this forty percent among the other listed nature of injury categories in proportion to the percent of each injury.

Nevertheless, it is clear that sprains and strains are the major problem with most of them being caused by improper bodily motion -- lifting, pulling and pushing and by slips, trips and falls.

The lower back is the body part most frequently injured. Back injuries are among the most costly injuries. The type of injury is most often a sprain or strain which are also the most frequent type of injury to the major joints of the body, the ankle, knee and hip, wrist, elbow and shoulder.

SUMMARY

Fatalities to agricultural workers in Florida continue to be associated with motorized vehicles and machinery. Tractors and machinery, motor vehicles and aircraft accounted for 21 of the 35 reported fatalities. Ten fatalities were either from natural causes or the cause was undetermined. While all unsafe conditions should be corrected, special attention must continue to be given to tractor, machinery and motor vehicle safety.

Since over 40 percent of all serious injuries to agricultural workers occur to those employees in their teens and twenties, it is imperative that extensive safety training be provided at the time of employment and whenever a young employee is assigned a new task. We must improve safety training and safety supervision young and new employees.

Any analysis of Tables 5, 6 and 7 should clearly identify the weaknesses of our agricultural safety program. Our major problems are sprains and strains caused by improper or excessive bodily motions -- lifting, pushing and pulling and slips, trips and falls. Review the agents of injury in Table 5. What are the problems? Bodily motion and working surfaces are two. Review the other agents of injury listed. Notice how many of these are objects which we need to lift, pull or push.

Table 6 confirms our analysis of Table 5. Bodily motion -- lifting, pushing and pulling and working surfaces lead to strains and sprains, slips, trips and falls which account for nearly 60 percent of all serious injuries.

Then review Table 7, Percent by Nature of Injury. Note that in Table 6 sprains and strains accounted for 38 percent of all serious injuries, while Table 6 reports that only 24 percent are sprains and strains. Why? Because the Notice of Injury Reports are not designed to effectively report the Nature of Injury; therefore many of the sprains and strains end up being recorded in the All other or Unknown category.

Finally, review Table 8, Percent by Body Part Injured. The back and our arm and leg joints account for a total of 42 percent of all injuries. And the most frequent injury to the back and joints are sprains and strains.

The author is not recommending that we forget the importance of safety training and supervision in the areas of tractors, machinery, motor vehicles, pesticides and other chemicals, hand or power tools, animals or in any other area. These safety programs must continue and improve. However, until our safety leaders, extension personnel, owners, managers, supervisors and workers in agriculture recognize that our number one safety problem is sprains and strains caused by lifting, pushing and pulling or slips, trips and falls, our serious injury problems will continue. Workers will continue to suffer, medical costs will continue to climb, lost work days and lost productivity will be a problem, and an effective safety program will remain a dream.

We must continue to PUT MORE SAFETY IN OUR PROGRAMS and a major emphasis must be:

TO PREVENT IMPROPER LIFTING, PUSHING AND PULLING,
TO PREVENT SLIPS, TRIPS AND FALLS,
TO PREVENT SPRAINS AND STRAINS, AND
TO PREVENT BACK AND JOINT INJURIES.

Publication #: SS-AGE-35

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